Analysis of multi-temporal scale interactions in the climate system using the generalized R2 connectedness approach

OpenAlex İngilizce

This study investigates the multi-scale interaction structure of the climate system by jointly analyzing hydrological variables and long-lived greenhouse gases within a dynamic connectedness framework. Using the Generalized R 2 connectedness methodology, the research uncovers how fast atmospheric–surface processes and slow biochemical accumulation mechanisms co-evolve over time. Results show that precipitation, humidity, and soil water exhibit the strongest short-term contemporaneous connectedness and are closely associated with what is interpreted as periods of rapid atmospheric adjustment in the predictive framework. Conversely, CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O gain importance in lagged dynamics, exhibiting persistent lagged connectedness with surface and atmospheric conditions. Measures of network and directional connectedness reveal significant shifts in network centrality around 2015 and 2020, indicating periods of intensified system-wide coupling. Overall, the findings show that the climate system associates with high-frequency hydrological feedback and low-frequency biogeochemical processes. These form a multilayered, time-varying interaction network.